Automating the process of jib crane design

Automating the process of jib crane design Automating the Process of Jib Crane Design Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction In a jib crane horizontal jib is fixed to a piller or to a wall and supports a movable lift. Jib crane mostly used in industries and for military purpose. The jib can also swing by the arc which corresponds to lateral movement (additional). These types of crane are used in warehouse stores to lift the goods to all floors. In the materials handling industry workers are often required to do large payloads. In situations where large payload movements would require extra forces to be applied by the operator, the material handling devices are provided now with automatic or motorized power assists. These are basically designed such that they can reduce operator tiredness and damage. Such cranes are power assisted jib cranes with advanced design. A jib crane consists of a pendulum like end line attached to a rota-table jib. Within this general cranes category there exist some devices with multiple degrees of freedom which includes variable load line length and jib length which is also variable. Point-point payload maneuvers with jib cranes are performed so as not to incite the spherical pendulum modes of the cable attached and payload assembly. In a typical way these pendulum modes yet time-varying, but shows low frequencies. That results in slow performance; hence high construction and transportation costs can occur. The figure below shows the different parts of jib crane. [Franklin, 1994] Jib Cranes are industrial machines which mostly uses for materials movements in construction of buildings, production halls, assembly lines, storage areas, and power plants. The design features of jib crane vary widely according to their major operational and manufacturing specifications such as: crane structure according to motion, weight and type of the load, crane location, geometric features, and environmental conditions. However, a review of the available literature tells that technical design of jib cranes are highly saturated and standardized in many industrial companies and organizations independent of the jib crane type. [Marchese, 1974] 1.2 Problems/Issues Today most companies currently uses manual calculations to provide product design specification for their jib cranes for their customers requirements. This job involves very hard work and the manual calculation. The reduced man work will efficient the companys process for design and manufacturing of the product. So it would be beneficial to automate this process which requires a software package in which all calculation can be done automatic. 1.2.1 Current Problems The problems in jib crane design incorporate advance design for their different customers and their different purpose and the companies dont have a computer program which calculates the design specifications for manufacturing for their customers. [Erden, 1996] 1.2.2 Literature review Current material handling systems exhibit anisotropic behavior. Their two planar degrees of freedom have requirement of different force inputs from the operator. For jib crane in generation of isotropic behavior there can be two directions, the first direction generates isotropy by floating the boom above the load. The second direction adds a power trolley and is capable of assisting by providing power to actually accelerate the given load. We can provide a cable angle sensor and ultrasonic distance sensor for the intelligence necessary to achieve isotropy. [A, Lorenz, 1999] Consideration of the available technology that is mainly based on the accumulated previous experience is important for better performance, higher safety and more reliable designs. It is well known that generic features of jib crane components are similar for various different types of cranes. Since the jib crane design procedures are highly standardized with these components, main effort and time spent in jib crane design projects are mostly for interpretation and implementation of the available design. In the figure below a rotatory jib crane is shown with degrees of freedom. The crane considered here consists of a rotatable jib with a load line attached to the end. A mass, representing a payload, is attached to the end of the load-line. The figure (1) is shown for analysis. The three co-ordinate system (three vectors shown) attached to the jib and rotates about the hub with an angular rate (gamma). The rotation angles are defined as rotation of the load-line about the two axes. The attachment point of the load-line to the jib is at a distance x from the centre of rotation of hub. The load-line has length L and the payload mass m. Alternative Concepts: Several concepts were evaluated: Single tension rod A single-rod design is assumed during the initial calculations to determine reaction forces on the building column. Extra analysis explained that this design did not have enough power for its length and capacity. Truss A trussed beam is considered, as it would have provided a very light, strong crane. This design was shortly discarded because it would have proven very difficult to study and build. Two tension rods A two-rod design can be selected because it could be made strong enough to support the design load up to the length of 30 feet, yet be simple enough to analyze with a combination of manual calculations and computer-based analysis. 1.2.3 Objectives To understand design and analysis of jib crane To design jib crane in AutoCAD / Solid work To develop calculation of jib crane data using Microsoft excel Chapter 2 Methodology 2.1 Flow chart: Start Design and analysis for the jib crane (Existing Design) and a modified design AutoCAD Design Create Microsoft excel software End In the initial stage the project overview and scope of project is analyzed. Further on the literature based on the current design is reviewed. Next stage is examining the design advancement of the jib crane using sensors and control to automate the crane process and in lowering the operator stress and power. After that the software developed will be used in design and selection of major jib crane parts for the manufacturing. The design stated by software would be seen as in AutoCAD or solid work. In the final stage the further advancement and conclusion will be made. The stages of the project are shown below. 2.2 Description: The project will consist of manual calculations of design specifications for the complex structures like Jib crane along with automated process. The use of Microsoft software along with some other package will be usedso that it would be more users friendly. First thecalculationwill be donelike moment of inertia, torque and transmission ratios etc.for the advanced mechanicaldesign of the Jib crane[Juvinall,1991] then the number of variables will be included in software to give the product design specification for jib crane directly which will help in reducing the manwork. The simple advantage to get the all data which are required in jib crane design will come directly and this process will help in reducing time taken to produce a required jib crane. The work will be done with existing data and current methods of calculation. At the end of project, a manufacturer should not calculate the various design data for the custom design of the jib crane for different purpose. The jib crane software itself will pick the most essential and important data and according to that will choose the simplified method to give design specification directly. Reader will be able to understand the various methods involved in jib crane design and advancement of design and the analysis of jib crane to make it effective. The practices followed and measures developed to make high-rise construction a safer job will be listed in report. Some of the main benefits of the automated design include the following: Greater consistency of design; this makes manufacturing and field service easier. Ability to explore more alternatives; because design can be created in a shorter time, it allows designers to study more alternatives. 2.3 Gantt Chart Gantt Chart: Project on â€Å"Automating design of jib crane† TASKS Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Selection of the Topic Submission of the Project Proposal Literature survey on the Topic Submission of the Interim Report Software development Conclusion and Recommendations Final Report Submission Chapter-3 Design and Calculation of Jib Crane 3.1 Design Concepts for Jib Crane Jib cranes, a free standing or portable jib crane is an economical solution for moving materials within an individual workstation, for transferring materials from work area to work area, or for use as an auxiliary lifting device under an overhead crane. Jib cranes are designed and manufactured in four styles: Free standing or portable jib cranes Wall bracket tie rod supported jib cranes Wall cantilever jib cranes Mast style jib cranes (top and bottom supported) Articulating jib cranes are also manufactured for positioning loads in those hard to reach places where most Standard jib cranes cannot reach. An articulating jib crane can move loads around corners and columns, reach into machinery, and service an area from the closest pivot point to the end of the boom allowing 360 º of operation. Another jib crane is the workstation jib crane. From self-supporting to wall mounted, workstation jib cranes provides economic, supplemental lifting coverage with 200 º or 360 º of rotation. Features Standard jib cranes range in capacity up to 5 tons and spans to 20 feet. Jib cranes feature on unique trussed boom design, which offers longer spans for custom jib crane designs. Free standing and mast type jib cranes offer 360  º rotations. Wall mounted offers 200 º of rotation. Design Factor The standard capacity rating of a jib crane represents the net rated load of the hook at the hook of a hoist of the same rated capacity as the crane. The design factor for the stresses in the crane is based on the capacity plus 25% of the rated load for impact and 15% of the rated load for the weight of the hoist and trolley. This was used all along with the average yield stress of the material to find out the type of the design. [Juvinall, 1991] This design provides a margin to allow for variations in material properties, operating conditions, and design assumptions. No crane should be supposed to ever, in any circumstance, be weighted beyond its rated capability. Service Factor The maximum weight of the application should match, NOT exceed, and design weight. The capacity rating is dependent and based on a design load. The jib crane design criterion allows the least amount of deflection so as not to hamper the performance of the jib crane. 3.2 Design of a Jib Crane The unit system of choice is normally SI. For this design, though, the BG (British Gravitational) system is chosen because the dimensions of most acquired components are in inches. We are doing analysis and design of a 30-foot, 1 ton jib crane. Requirements The crane must meet the following criteria: Should have a capacity of one ton (2000 lb). Should have a 30 feet length. Should be able to mount on the existing building structure. The design load is 2700 lb, defined as follows: Pd = 2000 lb + 25% overload + 200 lb trolley weight The length of the crane is taken as that of the main beam. The entire crane will arrive at approximately 372 inches from its pivot point. The alternative concepts are already evaluated earlier. We are taking the crane with two tension rods. 3.2.1 Reaction Force Calculations Before detailed design could begin, it had to be determined whether the building structure could support the new crane. This can be accomplished by drawing a free body diagram of the overall crane structure, and calculating the forces that would act on it. The design load should be positioned in the worst-case position hence at the end of the main beam. Since the weight of the crane makes a noteworthy horizontal reaction force, its main structural components were specified for this practice. A single 200-lb tension rod, attached at 20 feet from the root of the main beam The weight of the vertical member (eight feet at 25 pounds per foot) was used in calculating the vertical reaction force, but was not deemed significant in calculating the horizontal reaction forces. Minor components e.g. mounting brackets and pin- fasteners, are not going to consider. The calculations solved on paper, give the following results for The 10 Inch diameter S10at25.4 the beam: Horizontal reaction force: 12,556 lb Vertical reaction force: 3854 lb 3.2.2 Design of Main Beam The main beam is the most structurally significant part of the crane, and thus was the first to be designed. The maximum stress of a crane has to be less than one fifth of the ultimate strength of the steel. The maximum deflection should be less than 600th part of the length of the crane. Manual calculations proved that the 8-inch beam would buckle under the compression made by applying the design load at the end of the beam. Buckling load A Beam, 360 inches long, meets both stress and deflection guidelines when used with two tension rods. The maximum stress and deflection, when the load is on the end of the crane, are as follows 3.2.3 Primary Structure With the main beam specified, the rest of the crane was designed around it. A model was constructed consisting of the main beam, the vertical member, and the tension rods, which were arbitrarily attached at 15 and 25 feet from the root of the main beam. Manual calculations performed later confirmed that these were appropriate attachment points. For the sake of simplicity, the vertical member can be specified as the same cross section as the main beam and the vertical member is 96 inches long. Rod tension Assume main beam pinned at one end 3.2.4 Minor Components Connecting the Tension Rods to the Main Beam The tension rods are connected to the main beam using a clevis, which is pinned to a mounting plate welded to the main beam. This clevis is having a tensile load rating of 45,600 lb which allows a considerable safety factor. The clevis pin is protected with a 1/8†inch cotter pin. Double-shear calculations show it to be more than strong enough. Clevis Pin The clevis mount was designed over-large, to fill up the clearances provided by the clevis. The calculations show that the clevis mount, like the clevis itself, provides a significant margin of safety. Clevis Mount Su = 58000 psi Sus = 33640 psi F = 21658 lb th = 2 ½ in ro = 21/8 in ri = 7/8 in d = 1 ¾ in The tension rod is connected to the clevis through a turnbuckle and since the clevis has a rod diameter of 1 ½ inches, the stud must be turned down from 2 ¼ inches to 1 ½ inches. The lower end of the tension rod should be threaded for inclusion into the turnbuckle. Specification of Bearings Using the overall horizontal reaction force as the radial load, the bearings can be specified. The bolt holes in the flange of this bearing are placed in the identical position. Design of Welds The weld connecting the tension rod to the top of the vertical member requires individual explanation. The tension rod on the crane is bent, and then welded to the top of the vertical member of that crane After placing one rod on top of the vertical member, welds 1 and 2 should consist of a groove weld, then a fillet weld. Weld 3 should use the same pattern subsequent to the second rod is being placed. At last, weld 4 is a groove weld. All welds should fill up obtainable clearances. 3.3 Design Modification: For each handling device, the two horizontal DOF differ in feel. For the jib and gantry cranes, motion along the trolleys direction of travel requires relatively little force. Similarly, on the bridge crane, motion along the bridge is relatively easy. But for the jib crane, moving perpendicular to the booms length is complicated by the booms rotational inertia and the boom pivots friction. For the gantry crane, this perpendicular motion is very difficult due to the large inertia of the crane, and as stated earlier, often requires power assist. Finally, for the bridge crane, it is the large inertia of the bridge and resulting increased rolling resistance in its trolleys that make the perpendicular motion more difficult. Low speed power assist has been added to each of these difficult motions: rotation of the boom on a jib crane, translation of a gantry crane, and translation of the bridge along the fixed rails of a bridge crane. The control of this power has been limited to simple push button on/off switches and control algorithms which provide a slow start and stop to minimize load swing. The anisotropy exhibited in the different motions remains. This lack of isotropy makes it difficult for workers to move an object from point to point. The worker must constantly vary the applied force as the desired direction of motion changes. To think of this phenomenon in different terms, consider a round stick half immersed in a pool of water. It is very easy to move this stick through a curved trajectory. The forces resisting the motion are independent of the motions direction. Now consider a paddle (which cannot be rotated) immersed in the pool. It is considerably more difficult to move this paddle through the same curved trajectory. The human must continually adjust to the changing resistance forces. Increasing the viscosity of the fluid will exacerbate the problem. This is analogous to increasing the size and/or load of a material handling system.[Franklin, 1994] Hence thus, ideally, overhead material handing devices would exhibit isotropy. That is, the feel of the device would be independent of the direction in which it was pushed. So the next objective is to advance the design of jib crane which is intelligent power assist jib and making the design calculation by Microsoft excel itself. For this design the drawing has been done for some parts and shown below. The rest of the analysis will be done in the final report. In the modified design we put some control sensor for the motion of the jib crane. References A, Lorenz., August 1999, Force Sensors for Human-Robot Interaction Erden Z., et al, 1996, â€Å"A Computer Based Design Support System for Automate Access to the F. E.M. Rules in a Crane Design Procedure†, Proceedings of the 7th International Machine Design and Production Conference, pp. 575-583, Ankara, Turkey G. Franklin, et al, 1994,Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems†, Third edition, Addison Wiley R. Juvinall and K. Marshek , 1991, Fundamentals of Machine Component Design Marchese P. J. and Rice R. F., 1974, â€Å"Trends in Equipment Design and Controls for Heavy Duty Industrial Overhead Traveling Cranes†, Iron and Steel Engineer, v. 51, n. 9, p.66 Baker J., 1971, â€Å"Cranes in Need of Change†, Engineering, v. 211,n. 3, p. 298

Assess the Claim That the Main Function of Education

Assess the claim that ‘the main function of education is to maintain a value consensus in society' Functionalists believe that education is a value consensus, which means that the majority of a society agree with this statement. For example, inadvertently, people in the UK agree that wearing clothes is a norm as is education. Education has many purposes such as secondary socialisation of children and allocation of roles, because of the meritocracy which education is also seen as.Functionalists, like Durkheim, believe that teaching about history in schools creates a link between the individual and society. This link allows the individual to feel ‘part' of the society and therefore is more likely to support this. For example, in the U. S children are taught about the founding fathers and give the pledge of allegiance daily. Also, this is used with religion, in the U. K many schools says prayers and sing hymns and other religious songs. This, often, instils the idea of relig ion into the child's mind and it becomes a part of the child.However, teachings such as these can be seen as deviant and unwanted by parents because of how these things are treated as ‘norms' whereas they might not be in the home. This creates social solidarity because of the increased number of shared ‘norms and values'. Furthermore, Parsons says that school is the bridge between family and the wider society. Because in the family you are treated as an individual based upon particularistic traits whereas in society you are based on your merits.School is a blend between the two and allows a consensus of your merits and your personality. However, that blend is more between students and students than students and teachers. Teachers base students more on their merits, hence the meritocracy of school and the wider society as it is a quicker and easier way to assess people. This lead to the beginning of the education triage where pupils where ‘streamed' into classes of varying difficulty depending on their intelligence. However, Marxist's like Althusser, Bowles and Gintis argue that the role of ducation is the â€Å"reproduction of labour power† i. e. a workforce. This is enabled by use of the hidden curriculum – This is where ‘norm's such as doing repetitive tasks, not complaining and maintaining order in a class are taught but not formally as these are merely blended into every lesson. This is further exaggerated by schools legitimising and justifying inequality. This prepares students for the world of work where they are exploited for cheap labour and do as they're told as indicated by the hidden curriculum.They are also prepared for the inequality between them and their bosses in the social/economic hierarchy and accepts their positon. Legitimation of inequality; helps to justify and explain the system of social inequality in a capitalist society, helps people come to terms with their position in society and therefore reduc es the discontent and opposition to inequality. Althusser saw the role of education as a reproduction of technical skills and a reproduction of the ruling class ideology. . e. the dominant beliefs and values which is the wealthy minority 1% and the majority 99%. This allows the 99% to accept the 1%'s ideology. To prevent rebellion against capitalism, people must believe that the ruling class ideology is beneficial to themselves. This done by a number of ideological state apparatuses like the media, religion and education. These outlets of information can control masses because they have been ‘trusted' staples of society which are seen as beneficial.However, all of these outlets show the ruling class ideology and justify the capitalist system. The system can give several messages out to society such as behaviour, fashion, education standards, when to accept or submit to authority and to accept your place/position in society. Despite, these views Marxist's have been seen as too deterministic. As, the give education more credit for its influence on children. For example, the hidden curriculum may not exist and many children don't care for rules, authority and choose to rebel at these things.Whilst the hidden curriculum maybe exaggerated, the formal curriculum maybe under exaggerated as it is not entirely designed to benefit ruling class ideology as with subjects like philosophy, sociology and arts which are designed to encourage various views and opinions with critical thinking on how and why. Neo-marxists, like Willis, show that some students at school who are rebellious and prioritise â€Å"avin' a laff† are the ideal candidates for the ruling class ideology as they treat education as a barrier between â€Å"avin' a laff† and socialising.Because they prioritise their friends they lose the benefits of education and are forced, in order to survive, to accept work which maybe dull/repetitive (as taught by the hidden curriculum). Often, the type work these people undergo are manual labour jobs which enable the ‘lads' to be together and â€Å"av' a laff†. The end product is a capitalist society getting a proportion of the population doing dull work and the ‘lads' are able to stay together as they have created their own class position.Durkheim, also argues that education prepares young people for adult roles such as learning to cooperate with people who they might not like. Schools trains people to follow a set rules which accommodate tolerating people who they don't like. Functionalists, assume that stratification/some sort of social hierarchy is vital and inevitable. Because there are only limited places for top jobs. By a meritocracy which allows people to be test judged on ability those with the highest ability are about to be placed in jobs which match their talents/abilities.

The Gothic Features of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay

The Gothic Features of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte A Gothic novel is a type of literature, which became very popular in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In this time, society was governed by strict moral codes. The Gothics would escape into a world of dark, supernatural and wild passions. The word Gothic meant barbarous and wild and many writers liked to involve these elements in their novels. Gothic novels were usually set in foreign countries, particularly in Catholic countries in Southern Europe, and usually set in the past, in the Middle Ages. Many Gothic novels took place in castles, dungeons and monasteries, and were supernatural and mysterious, involving ghosts and†¦show more content†¦It was very seldom slept in and was one of the largest and stateliest chambers in the mansion. Bronte describes this room in huge depth, and gives the reader a strong visual idea of what it looks like; massive pillars of mahogany and curtains of deep red damask. Jane also describes it as chill and lonely due to the fa ct that this was where Mr Reed breathed his last. It is also very Gothic when Jane sees the ghost in the room, given that many Gothic novels have monsters or ghosts in them. Oh! I saw a light, I thought a ghost would come. This is a very significant moment at Gateshead, and Bronte uses descriptive language to build up the suspense and tension, My heart beat thick, also I was oppressed, suffocated. The next location Jane goes to is Lowood. The school is described as a large and irregular building, It is very run-down and decrepit, and far away from any village or town. Bronte describes it to have a very dreary silence, with great low-ceiled, gloomy rooms It is also described as grey and old with a church-like aspect. This setting is obviously very Gothic. Here Jane is very alone, and her independence shines through as she moves to her new school. 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The Human Nervous System - 944 Words

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Nursing Problems Theory And Nursing Essay - 1170 Words

Introduction While Countless nurses use Florence Nightingale’s, Watson’s or Benner’s nursing philosophies to shape their nursing career, a more recently updated, patient centered theory can be used to get to know and care for all aspects of the patient. Faye Abdellah’s Twenty- One Nursing Problems Theory was very progressive for her time in that it refers to a nursing diagnosis during a time in which nurses were taught that diagnoses were not part of their role in health care (Petiprin, 2016). There are specific characteristic identifiable in the Twenty- One Nursing Problems. The Theory has interrelated the concepts of health, nursing problems, and problem-solving. Problem solving is an activity that is inherently logical in nature. The framework focuses on nursing practice and individual patients (Petiprin, 2016). This paper will guide the reader through the working of the Twenty-One Nursing Problems theory and how to apply it when working in direct patient care. Background Faye Abdellah became a nurse at the Ann May School of Nursing in New Jersey in 1942. Immediately upon graduation, she enrolled at Rutgers and double majored in liberal arts and Liberal arts. (McCormick, 1994). Abdellah also earned a Bachelors’ of Arts in teaching and a Masters’ of Arts in Psychology and Physiology from Teachers College, Columbia University (McCormick, 1994). In 1949, Abdellah entered the Commissioned Corps of the United States and became a consultant for the Division of NursingShow MoreRelatedThe Theory 21 Nursing Problems Theory913 Words   |  4 PagesGlenn Abdellah is known for formulating the theory â€Å"21 Nursing Problems Theory.† This theory changed the nursing profession from focusing on disease centered care to patient centered care. This model is built on viewing the patient as a person as opposed to grouping patients through similar diagnosis or common medical and nursing needs. 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Recollecting Childhood Memories Free Essays

I went through my childhood with more happy memories than sad ones. Unfortunately, the dramatic and sad experiences stand out more in my memory bank. However among my childhood  memories  I remember a certain experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Recollecting Childhood Memories or any similar topic only for you Order Now back in my native place when I was a child of about six years age. My dad had promised me that if I finish my homework early for the day, he would take me to the exhibition. Back at that time exhibitions were rare in our city, and it only happened once or twice in a year. So, I was really excited and pumped up to go. After I did all of my work, I waited patiently for my dad to come home from work. Minutes felt like hours and finally he arrived from work. By seeing the excitement in my face, he knew that I have done everything that he wanted me to do. My dad kept his word and took me to the exhibition. Because our city was pretty small, exhibition was a huge event for the people of our city. People from near and outside of the city come here to enjoy and have a great time. It was my first time to the naval exhibition or rather to any exhibition and I was really happy that my parents were with me. At that time, there was a large crowd at the place. Even though the exhibition happens only once or twice, I never expected such a large gathering. I being a six year old had never seen such a large gathering at one place. In fact before getting into the exhibition my dad said to me, I love you. How to cite Recollecting Childhood Memories, Papers

Contract Law Legally Enforcable Law

Question: Discuss about the Report for Contract Law of Legally Enforcable Law. Answer: 1. Issue To find the presence of consideration to enact an enforceable agreement for Jack as per the information provided. Law/Rule An agreement can be termed as legally enforceable, only if both the persons are involved in the valid consideration for the enactment of the contract. There are two essential components which are needed in the formation of a valid agreement i.e. valid offer and valid acceptance. The process for the enactment of the agreement starts with the offer made by the offeror with the other party known as offeree (Latimer, 2005). After receiving the offer, the offeree must respond to the offeror in terms of the acceptance towards the offer. The offer becomes valid, when it received by the offeree and the acceptance becomes valid, when it is successfully accepted by the original offeror without conditions. If the offeree sends the acceptance with some conditions, then this is called counteroffer. When the two parties complete this offer and acceptance process, then the offer becomes legally valid and is called lawful agreement (Lindgren, 2011). In the enactment of enforceable agreement, the promisor makes promise with the other party (promisee), when the promisee provides a significant valid consideration to the promisor and promisor accepts the consideration. Only then, the enactment of the agreement becomes legal under common law (Harvey, 2009). Therefore, the contract becomes enforceable for the promisee and must be binding on the promisor. According to the norms of the common law, if promises do not have consideration, they will be termed as gratuitous promises and will not be liable for the enactment of the valid agreement (Pathinayake, 2014). Hence, it is specifically required that the promisor must not give any gratuitous promise to the promisee, otherwise an enforceable contract would not be formed due to the lack of consideration. Adequacy or equality of the consideration does not affect the enactment of the agreement or contract. The only important aspect is that consideration should be adequate in the opinion of the parties which are actually enacting the agreement (Davenport Parker, 2014). Application The critical issue in this case is basically related to the presence of the lawful consideration. If Jane provides a valid consideration to Jack, then only the enforceable agreement is binding on Jane. In the first scenario, Jane is going overseas and hence, she willingly offers her Lotus Super 7 Sports car to Jack. The market cost of same type of the vehicle is around $25,000. As per the highlighted part of the contract law, any agreement can be treated as lawful enforceable agreement, only if the valid consideration is present between both the parties. The presence of the consideration can be found with some value, which is offered by the promisor to the promisee. This value of the consideration will be the imperative parameter to determine that whether the agreement is legally enforceable for promisee. In present case, Jane has not offered any kind of consideration to Jack and also Jack has accepted the offer without any further counteroffer. Hence, there is lack of consideration in the part of Jane as she has not mentioned any consideration value, irrespective of the market price of the car. Therefore, according to the rules of gratuitous promises, the lack of consideration will result the agreement to not be legally enforced by Jack in any circumstances. In this case, Jane has made an offer to sell her Lotus Super 7 Sports car to Jack with the amount of $25,000. This offered amount is same as the market worth of the car which is $25,000. Jack has accepted the offer from Jane and ready to pay her $25,000 for the car. This case is having all the requisite measures that needed for the enactment of the valid agreement as Valid offer made by Jane Lawful consideration is present as Jane clearly states the amount of consideration of $25,000 Valid acceptance made by Jack without counter offer with the acceptance of the consideration value of $25,000 Therefore, in this case, both the parties are willingly involved in the enactment of the contract with the valid offer, acceptance and also with the legally valid consideration, hence the agreement created between the parties is legally enforceable for Jack. Also the contract is enforceable binding on the promisor (Jane). In this case, Jane has offered to sell her Lotus Sport 7 Sports car to Jack with a cost of $2,500. However, she knows that the market price of the same type of car is $25,000 still she offers the car with vey less consideration value. In this case also, Jack has accepted the consideration value with no counteroffer. Here, rule of consideration of adequacy is applicable which says that for the enactment of any agreement, valid consideration is required, the value of the consideration either more, less or hundred % adequacy is not important. A case can be considered to explain the adequacy of the consideration that in the heighted part of the judgement of the Chappell v Nestle (1960) case that adequacy is not required for the enactment of the contract even a blank wrappers of a chocolate can be treated as valid consideration (Carter, 2012). Hence, same in this case, the amount of $2,500 is treated as a valid consideration and results the enforceable agreement for Jack irrespective of t he actual market worth of the car. Conclusion The discussion above clearly indicates that there is no enforceable agreement when Jane offers the car for free, however, in the other cases as consideration is present, hence enforceable agreement exists. 2. Issue The given case deals with a contract for tanker placed by North Ocean Tankers (referred to as buyer) with a shipbuilder (referred to as seller). During execution of contract, there is currency devaluation of USD and this resulted in demand for incremental payment to the tune of $ 3 million from the buyer. The buyer initially protested as this payment was not legally derivable from the contract terms. However, the buyer only agreed at the threat of the seller indulging in breach of contract by stopping the building process. The buyer needed delivery of tanker on time due to prior commitment to a customer and therefore agreed for extra payment. However, after nine months after delivery, the buyer seeks to recover that money. The core issue is to comment on whether the buyer would be successful in the claim or not. Law/Rule Mutual consent is a key consideration for contract enactment. Essentially, in involves that the consent for particular terms and conditions stated in the contract should not be obtained through the use of any threat which would result in terming the resultant agreement as involuntary agreement. As per common law, the principle of mutual consent is sacrosanct not only at the execution of the original contract but also with regards to any subsequent changes in the contract clauses (Davenport Parker, 2014). Duress as a concept refers to involuntary consent obtained through the usage of threat as the main enabler. Duress is not the same as undue influence and distinguishing between the two is critical. Further, a critical condition which ought to be satisfied for extending duress as a defence is that the use of threat resulted in acceptance of any demand on promisors end which in the absence of threat would have been declined. Duress typically occurs when one of the parties is in a dominant position which leads the other party at the mercy of the dominant party (Carter, 2012). Duress typically may be physical or economic depending upon the underlying means used to threaten. For a long time, the purview of duress was limited only to the physical ambit but during the last some decades, the ambit has been modified to include the instances of economic power being abused to obtain involuntary consent (Edlin, 2007). Thus, economic duress may be defined as the usage of economic threat by the promisee placed in an economically dominant position so as to force the promisor to give a promise that is unfavourable to the interests of the promisor (Andrews, 2011). In order to identify the presence the economic duress, there are certain elements that need to be present. The usage of economic threat has to be there which typically could in the form of contract breach with the intension of forcing the promisor into agreement. The promisor has no other option except agreement with the promisees demand. Also, the commitment provided by the promisor under threat paves way for the development of contractual relations between parties. As a result, the promisor experiences financial distress (Harvey, 2009). If the above elements are indeed present, then it may be concluded that economic duress is indeed present. In presence of economic duress, the contract could be made null and void if the promisor desires so. However, the promisor should exercise this right during reasonable timeframe. Non-exercise of this right or filing legal claim for recovery of invalid concerns during reasonable time would lead to an implicit assumption that contract is acceptable to the promisor (Lindgren, 2011). This was the central theme of the North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron)[1979] QB 705 case which can act as a potent precedent in this case (Carter, 2012). The above case was based on a commercial contract executed between a construction company and a buyer for construction of a ship. Post the enactment of contract, there was currency devaluation which put the construction company in financially unfavourable position. To recoup the potential losses, extra payment to the tune of adverse movement was demanded by the construction company which reluctantly was agreed to after the company threatened to drop the contract. The buyer had negotiated a contract with a customer for the ship and hence any delay in delivery could have caused losses. The buyer later made a claim to recover the payments made earlier (Latimer, 2005). The claim of the buyer was disallowed despite the court advocating that the claimant was indeed subject to economic duress by the defendant or the construction company. The legal reasoning extended for the decision was that the claimant should have filed for the refund at a earlier time as this delay effectively amounts to the claimant agreeing with the excess payment made. No definition of reasonable time in this regard has been offered by the court and it essentially is driven by the underlying circumstances and the interpretation of the same by the court (Harvey, 2009). Application Based on the case facts, it can be seen that without a doubt there are key elements of economic duress that are present here which clearly indicate that the buyer had the option to declare the contract void and hence recover the payment of $ 3 million that was forcefully collected using economic power by the shipbuilder. The buyer did not want to make the payment but then was threatened with stoppage of work which eventually coerced the buyer into making payment. Despite this fact, the buyer would not succeed in the claim of recovery as there is a large delay of nine months which amounts to contract being valid as indicated in the arguments made under North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron case. Conclusion It is apparent that the buyer cannot claim the $ 3 million payment as it has delayed the claim filing beyond reasonable time. References Andrews, N 2011, Contract Law, 3rd eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Carter, J 2012, Contract Act in Australia, 3rd eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Davenport, S Parker, D 2014, Business and Law in Australia, 2nd eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Edlin, D 2007, Common law theory, 4th eds., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge Harvey, C. 2009, Foundations of Australian law. 3rd eds., Tilde University Press, Prahran, Victoria Latimer, P 2005. Australian business law, 24th eds., CCH Australia Ltd. Sydney Lindgren, KE 2011, Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia, 12th eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Pathinayake, A 2014, Commercial and Corporations Law, 2nd eds., Thomson-Reuters, Sydney