Nursing Problems Theory And Nursing Essay - 1170 Words

Introduction While Countless nurses use Florence Nightingale’s, Watson’s or Benner’s nursing philosophies to shape their nursing career, a more recently updated, patient centered theory can be used to get to know and care for all aspects of the patient. Faye Abdellah’s Twenty- One Nursing Problems Theory was very progressive for her time in that it refers to a nursing diagnosis during a time in which nurses were taught that diagnoses were not part of their role in health care (Petiprin, 2016). There are specific characteristic identifiable in the Twenty- One Nursing Problems. The Theory has interrelated the concepts of health, nursing problems, and problem-solving. Problem solving is an activity that is inherently logical in nature. The framework focuses on nursing practice and individual patients (Petiprin, 2016). This paper will guide the reader through the working of the Twenty-One Nursing Problems theory and how to apply it when working in direct patient care. Background Faye Abdellah became a nurse at the Ann May School of Nursing in New Jersey in 1942. Immediately upon graduation, she enrolled at Rutgers and double majored in liberal arts and Liberal arts. (McCormick, 1994). Abdellah also earned a Bachelors’ of Arts in teaching and a Masters’ of Arts in Psychology and Physiology from Teachers College, Columbia University (McCormick, 1994). In 1949, Abdellah entered the Commissioned Corps of the United States and became a consultant for the Division of NursingShow MoreRelatedThe Theory 21 Nursing Problems Theory913 Words   |  4 PagesGlenn Abdellah is known for formulating the theory â€Å"21 Nursing Problems Theory.† This theory changed the nursing profession from focusing on disease centered care to patient centered care. This model is built on viewing the patient as a person as opposed to grouping patients through similar diagnosis or common medical and nursing needs. Originally this nursing model was intended to guide h ospital nursing care, but it is now used in community health nursing as well by incorporating family members andRead MoreApplying Nursing Theory to a Practice Problem2758 Words   |  12 PagesApplying Theory to a Practice Problem October 3, 2012 Introduction Our first class in the masters in nursing program, has been focused on nursing theorists. We have learned about Grand Theories, which are theories that are very broad and difficult to test and Middle Range Theories, which are also broad theories but narrow enough to be testable. We have learned how to study the different theories, looking at how we can utilize theories to evaluate practice. I have been in a nursingRead MoreApplying Theory Of A Practice Problem Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesApplying theory to a practice problem The nursing theories assist the nurses to identify the limitations of nursing and advance the development of nursing as a unique profession. 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This paper will compare and contrast Rodgers â€Å"problem-solving†(p. 177) method with Risjord’s â€Å"nursing standpoint† (p. 36). Rodgers provides a method that uses knowledge deficits in practice as the foundation for research. Risjord, on the other hand, acknowledges nurses’ lives and the perspectiveRead MoreNursing Professionalism: The Vroom Expectancy Theory Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesAs an experienced nurse returning to advanced nursing education, it is important to examine ones goals and values in regards to professionalism, motivation, and expected value of undertaking such an important step in ones nursing career. Behavioral and social theories such as the Vroom Expectancy Theory (VET) can help one to put these goals and motivations into perspective. Understanding why certain problem solving and decision making concepts are utilized can also provide a sense of what itRead MoreNursing Paper on Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations1734 Words   |  7 PagesPeplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations Jennifer Holzer Chamberlain College of Nursing Nursing 501 Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice Spring 2014 Nursing theory is important because it is the foundation and structure for the profession of nursing. There are many different types of theories and they all serve a specific purpose. Theories are important and valuable because they allow the nurse to understand and comprehendRead MoreApplication Of Theory For Clinical Nursing Practice1278 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of Theory The role of theory in clinical nursing practice is to guide assessment, interventions, and evaluation of nursing care. Theory in nursing practice provides a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health status of clients, which are essential for effective decision making and implementation. Nursing theory also serves as a guide assessment, interventions, and evaluation of nursing practice. Theories can address important questions for nursing units. Theories can beRead MoreApplication Of Self Care Theory For Patients With Diabetes1567 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Self-Care Theory for Patients with Diabetes Nursing theory can be used to solve many types of issues in patient care. Problems that the advanced practice nurse (APRN) encounter benefit significantly from nursing theories. Sometimes nursing theories are developed by observing these nursing problems and their solutions. Dorthea Orem (1914-2007) is a nursing theorist who developed the nursing theories about self-care. She describes self-care as the individual’s ability to complete activities

Recollecting Childhood Memories Free Essays

I went through my childhood with more happy memories than sad ones. Unfortunately, the dramatic and sad experiences stand out more in my memory bank. However among my childhood  memories  I remember a certain experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Recollecting Childhood Memories or any similar topic only for you Order Now back in my native place when I was a child of about six years age. My dad had promised me that if I finish my homework early for the day, he would take me to the exhibition. Back at that time exhibitions were rare in our city, and it only happened once or twice in a year. So, I was really excited and pumped up to go. After I did all of my work, I waited patiently for my dad to come home from work. Minutes felt like hours and finally he arrived from work. By seeing the excitement in my face, he knew that I have done everything that he wanted me to do. My dad kept his word and took me to the exhibition. Because our city was pretty small, exhibition was a huge event for the people of our city. People from near and outside of the city come here to enjoy and have a great time. It was my first time to the naval exhibition or rather to any exhibition and I was really happy that my parents were with me. At that time, there was a large crowd at the place. Even though the exhibition happens only once or twice, I never expected such a large gathering. I being a six year old had never seen such a large gathering at one place. In fact before getting into the exhibition my dad said to me, I love you. How to cite Recollecting Childhood Memories, Papers

Contract Law Legally Enforcable Law

Question: Discuss about the Report for Contract Law of Legally Enforcable Law. Answer: 1. Issue To find the presence of consideration to enact an enforceable agreement for Jack as per the information provided. Law/Rule An agreement can be termed as legally enforceable, only if both the persons are involved in the valid consideration for the enactment of the contract. There are two essential components which are needed in the formation of a valid agreement i.e. valid offer and valid acceptance. The process for the enactment of the agreement starts with the offer made by the offeror with the other party known as offeree (Latimer, 2005). After receiving the offer, the offeree must respond to the offeror in terms of the acceptance towards the offer. The offer becomes valid, when it received by the offeree and the acceptance becomes valid, when it is successfully accepted by the original offeror without conditions. If the offeree sends the acceptance with some conditions, then this is called counteroffer. When the two parties complete this offer and acceptance process, then the offer becomes legally valid and is called lawful agreement (Lindgren, 2011). In the enactment of enforceable agreement, the promisor makes promise with the other party (promisee), when the promisee provides a significant valid consideration to the promisor and promisor accepts the consideration. Only then, the enactment of the agreement becomes legal under common law (Harvey, 2009). Therefore, the contract becomes enforceable for the promisee and must be binding on the promisor. According to the norms of the common law, if promises do not have consideration, they will be termed as gratuitous promises and will not be liable for the enactment of the valid agreement (Pathinayake, 2014). Hence, it is specifically required that the promisor must not give any gratuitous promise to the promisee, otherwise an enforceable contract would not be formed due to the lack of consideration. Adequacy or equality of the consideration does not affect the enactment of the agreement or contract. The only important aspect is that consideration should be adequate in the opinion of the parties which are actually enacting the agreement (Davenport Parker, 2014). Application The critical issue in this case is basically related to the presence of the lawful consideration. If Jane provides a valid consideration to Jack, then only the enforceable agreement is binding on Jane. In the first scenario, Jane is going overseas and hence, she willingly offers her Lotus Super 7 Sports car to Jack. The market cost of same type of the vehicle is around $25,000. As per the highlighted part of the contract law, any agreement can be treated as lawful enforceable agreement, only if the valid consideration is present between both the parties. The presence of the consideration can be found with some value, which is offered by the promisor to the promisee. This value of the consideration will be the imperative parameter to determine that whether the agreement is legally enforceable for promisee. In present case, Jane has not offered any kind of consideration to Jack and also Jack has accepted the offer without any further counteroffer. Hence, there is lack of consideration in the part of Jane as she has not mentioned any consideration value, irrespective of the market price of the car. Therefore, according to the rules of gratuitous promises, the lack of consideration will result the agreement to not be legally enforced by Jack in any circumstances. In this case, Jane has made an offer to sell her Lotus Super 7 Sports car to Jack with the amount of $25,000. This offered amount is same as the market worth of the car which is $25,000. Jack has accepted the offer from Jane and ready to pay her $25,000 for the car. This case is having all the requisite measures that needed for the enactment of the valid agreement as Valid offer made by Jane Lawful consideration is present as Jane clearly states the amount of consideration of $25,000 Valid acceptance made by Jack without counter offer with the acceptance of the consideration value of $25,000 Therefore, in this case, both the parties are willingly involved in the enactment of the contract with the valid offer, acceptance and also with the legally valid consideration, hence the agreement created between the parties is legally enforceable for Jack. Also the contract is enforceable binding on the promisor (Jane). In this case, Jane has offered to sell her Lotus Sport 7 Sports car to Jack with a cost of $2,500. However, she knows that the market price of the same type of car is $25,000 still she offers the car with vey less consideration value. In this case also, Jack has accepted the consideration value with no counteroffer. Here, rule of consideration of adequacy is applicable which says that for the enactment of any agreement, valid consideration is required, the value of the consideration either more, less or hundred % adequacy is not important. A case can be considered to explain the adequacy of the consideration that in the heighted part of the judgement of the Chappell v Nestle (1960) case that adequacy is not required for the enactment of the contract even a blank wrappers of a chocolate can be treated as valid consideration (Carter, 2012). Hence, same in this case, the amount of $2,500 is treated as a valid consideration and results the enforceable agreement for Jack irrespective of t he actual market worth of the car. Conclusion The discussion above clearly indicates that there is no enforceable agreement when Jane offers the car for free, however, in the other cases as consideration is present, hence enforceable agreement exists. 2. Issue The given case deals with a contract for tanker placed by North Ocean Tankers (referred to as buyer) with a shipbuilder (referred to as seller). During execution of contract, there is currency devaluation of USD and this resulted in demand for incremental payment to the tune of $ 3 million from the buyer. The buyer initially protested as this payment was not legally derivable from the contract terms. However, the buyer only agreed at the threat of the seller indulging in breach of contract by stopping the building process. The buyer needed delivery of tanker on time due to prior commitment to a customer and therefore agreed for extra payment. However, after nine months after delivery, the buyer seeks to recover that money. The core issue is to comment on whether the buyer would be successful in the claim or not. Law/Rule Mutual consent is a key consideration for contract enactment. Essentially, in involves that the consent for particular terms and conditions stated in the contract should not be obtained through the use of any threat which would result in terming the resultant agreement as involuntary agreement. As per common law, the principle of mutual consent is sacrosanct not only at the execution of the original contract but also with regards to any subsequent changes in the contract clauses (Davenport Parker, 2014). Duress as a concept refers to involuntary consent obtained through the usage of threat as the main enabler. Duress is not the same as undue influence and distinguishing between the two is critical. Further, a critical condition which ought to be satisfied for extending duress as a defence is that the use of threat resulted in acceptance of any demand on promisors end which in the absence of threat would have been declined. Duress typically occurs when one of the parties is in a dominant position which leads the other party at the mercy of the dominant party (Carter, 2012). Duress typically may be physical or economic depending upon the underlying means used to threaten. For a long time, the purview of duress was limited only to the physical ambit but during the last some decades, the ambit has been modified to include the instances of economic power being abused to obtain involuntary consent (Edlin, 2007). Thus, economic duress may be defined as the usage of economic threat by the promisee placed in an economically dominant position so as to force the promisor to give a promise that is unfavourable to the interests of the promisor (Andrews, 2011). In order to identify the presence the economic duress, there are certain elements that need to be present. The usage of economic threat has to be there which typically could in the form of contract breach with the intension of forcing the promisor into agreement. The promisor has no other option except agreement with the promisees demand. Also, the commitment provided by the promisor under threat paves way for the development of contractual relations between parties. As a result, the promisor experiences financial distress (Harvey, 2009). If the above elements are indeed present, then it may be concluded that economic duress is indeed present. In presence of economic duress, the contract could be made null and void if the promisor desires so. However, the promisor should exercise this right during reasonable timeframe. Non-exercise of this right or filing legal claim for recovery of invalid concerns during reasonable time would lead to an implicit assumption that contract is acceptable to the promisor (Lindgren, 2011). This was the central theme of the North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron)[1979] QB 705 case which can act as a potent precedent in this case (Carter, 2012). The above case was based on a commercial contract executed between a construction company and a buyer for construction of a ship. Post the enactment of contract, there was currency devaluation which put the construction company in financially unfavourable position. To recoup the potential losses, extra payment to the tune of adverse movement was demanded by the construction company which reluctantly was agreed to after the company threatened to drop the contract. The buyer had negotiated a contract with a customer for the ship and hence any delay in delivery could have caused losses. The buyer later made a claim to recover the payments made earlier (Latimer, 2005). The claim of the buyer was disallowed despite the court advocating that the claimant was indeed subject to economic duress by the defendant or the construction company. The legal reasoning extended for the decision was that the claimant should have filed for the refund at a earlier time as this delay effectively amounts to the claimant agreeing with the excess payment made. No definition of reasonable time in this regard has been offered by the court and it essentially is driven by the underlying circumstances and the interpretation of the same by the court (Harvey, 2009). Application Based on the case facts, it can be seen that without a doubt there are key elements of economic duress that are present here which clearly indicate that the buyer had the option to declare the contract void and hence recover the payment of $ 3 million that was forcefully collected using economic power by the shipbuilder. The buyer did not want to make the payment but then was threatened with stoppage of work which eventually coerced the buyer into making payment. Despite this fact, the buyer would not succeed in the claim of recovery as there is a large delay of nine months which amounts to contract being valid as indicated in the arguments made under North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron case. Conclusion It is apparent that the buyer cannot claim the $ 3 million payment as it has delayed the claim filing beyond reasonable time. References Andrews, N 2011, Contract Law, 3rd eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Carter, J 2012, Contract Act in Australia, 3rd eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Davenport, S Parker, D 2014, Business and Law in Australia, 2nd eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Edlin, D 2007, Common law theory, 4th eds., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge Harvey, C. 2009, Foundations of Australian law. 3rd eds., Tilde University Press, Prahran, Victoria Latimer, P 2005. Australian business law, 24th eds., CCH Australia Ltd. Sydney Lindgren, KE 2011, Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia, 12th eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Pathinayake, A 2014, Commercial and Corporations Law, 2nd eds., Thomson-Reuters, Sydney

Needle Stick Injury free essay sample

Method In 2003, a sharps awareness campaign began in San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy. In 2005, a safety catheter was introduced and healthcare workers were trained in its use. Data for all occupational accidents from 2003 to 2007 were collected and analysed. Results After introduction of the sharps awareness campaign and use of safety catheters, reported incidents of sharps injuries involving catheters fell from 19 in 2004 to two in 2007 and in neither of those two cases were needlestick prevention devices used. Overall, the rate of needlestick injuries was 24. 1 per 100,000 cases when conventional catheters were used and 0. 4 per 100,000 cases with safety catheters. Conclusion The sharps awareness campaign and newly adopted needlestick prevention device may have contributed to the prevention of percutaneous injuries caused by catheters. Until the onset of the campaign, the reported annual incidence of needlestick injuries was six. This increased to a peak of 19 reported injuries in 2004, which could be attributed to improved reporting effected by the campaign. We will write a custom essay sample on Needle Stick Injury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Authors Dimitri Sossai, manager, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Vincenzo Puro, manager, Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome; Luca Chiappatoli and Giulio Dagnino, biomedical engineers; Bernardo Odone, chemist; Annamaria Polimeri, biologist, Health Safety and Prevention Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Laila Ruzza, Paola Palombo and Marian Stella Fuscoe, registered nurses, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa; Paola Scognamiglio, epidemiologist, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Email: dimitri. [emailprotected] it Keywords Needlestick injuries, risk prevention, safety needle system These keywords are based on subject headings from the British Nursing Index. All articles are subject to external double-blind peer review and checked for plagiarism using automated software. For author and research article guidelines visit the Nursing Standard home page at www. nursing-standard. co. uk. For related articles visit our online archive and search using the keywords. 42 march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 SHARPS INJURIES are one of the most common types of occupational accidents that healthcare workers experience (Elder and Paterson 2006). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004) in the United States (US) has estimated that around 400,000 percutaneous injuries occur in the hospital setting each year. However, true injury rates are difficult to assess as underreporting is assumed to be as high as 70% (Lee et al 2005). There is a risk of disease transmission of blood-borne pathogens with a sharps injury, particularly if it is caused by a hollow-bore needle used to access veins or arteries (Trim 2004). Worldwide, 2. 5% of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 40% of cases of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among healthcare workers result from occupational exposure to infected blood (Wilburn 2004). The risk of infection following percutaneous exposure to infected blood is notable, with rates of 6-30% for hepatitis B, 0-7% for hepatitis C and 0. 3% for HIV (White 2008). In addition to the hazard of disease transmission, the fear of potential infection may pose a considerable burden on the psychological, emotional and social wellbeing of the injured healthcare worker (Lee et al 2005). More than 38% of all occupational accidents involving biological hazards in the NHS result from skin contact, while 24% are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). The rates for hospitals are even more concerning. According to a study of the Italian National Society for Prevention and Protection in the Health Service (Associazione Italiana Responsabili Servizi Prevenzione e Protezione in Ambiente Sanitario), more than 50% of occupational accidents in hospitals are caused by accidental puncture with injection needles (Sossai 2006). Exposure prevention remains the primary strategy for reducing occupational contact with blood-borne pathogens (Huber and Terezhalmy 2007). Over the past 20 years, numerous preventive measures have been implemented including educating and training staff, changes in practice, hepatitis B vaccinations, awareness campaigns and needlestick injury policies. One particular NURSING STANDARD preventive strategy uses engineered needlestick prevention devices to protect hospital workers from accidental injuries. There are two types. Passive needlestick prevention devices have a safety feature that is activated automatically, while active needlestick prevention devices require the user to activate the safety mechanism (Trim 2004). The use of needlestick prevention devices and the documentation of all needlestick injuries by healthcare workers has been enforced by law since 2000. Similar regulation efforts are under way in Europe (Hadaway 2001, Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, White 2008). In Italy, and elsewhere in Europe, employers have a statutory obligation (Directive 2000/54/CE and 89/391/CEE) to prevent occupational risks and protect workers. In line with these requirements, San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Italy, one of the largest hospitals in Europe with more than 1,400 beds and more than 4,400 employees, launched a sharps awareness campaign in 2003. This campaign consisted of specific staff training, education and the gradual introduction of needlestick prevention devices (safety catheters) to replace conventional intravenous catheters. By March 2005, almost all conventional catheters had been replaced by needlestick prevention devices. Aim The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices on the rate of needlestick injuries in San Martino Hospital. Method The hospital chose the passively activated Introcan Safety IV Catheter system (B. Braun). This has a self-activating safety clip that automatically shields the needle’s sharp bevel during retraction of the needle after cannula insertion. With regard to design and handling, this safety catheter is identical to the conventional catheter (Trim 2004, Wilburn 2004). At San Martino Hospital, a sharps awareness campaign was launched in 2003. In 2005, safety devices were first introduced, initially in departments at increased risk of needlestick injuries or infection (infectious diseases, general surgery and organ transplant departments). By the end of 2005, they had been introduced in all hospital departments. Healthcare workers in approximately 90 departments including outpatient clinics, operating theatres, intensive care units, day hospitals and surgery, received training in using the device. Training sessions were carried out by manufacturers of the safety catheter and by members of the hospital’s NURSING STANDARD department of health safety and prevention. Between 2005 and 2007 this practical training was supplemented by courses on the biological risk of needlestick injuries aimed at all long-term employed healthcare staff. In addition, a compulsory training course on the need for prevention and safety precautions related to needlestick injuries, and the correct practical application of safety devices for all new employees, began and was carried out monthly. During this period, 596 of 3,392 (18%) long-term employed physicians, nurses and technicians and 882 (100%) new employees received safety training. In San Martino Hospital, a specific protocol needs to be followed when an accident entailing biological risk occurs. The affected employee has to report the accident to the department of preventive and occupational medicine where health monitoring and infectious prophylaxis are initiated, if required, in collaboration with the Institute for Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Subsequently, the injured person is required to register the accident at the hospital’s human resources department where detailed information on the injury and the injured person are recorded on a standardised incident report form and in an incident reporting file. Reports of the accident are forwarded to the National Institute for Insurance gainst Accidents at Work (Istituto Nazionale per Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro) and the Hygiene Institute of Genoa University. The incident reporting file is the hospital’s internal administrative database for all occupational accidents and is used for statistical purposes. It provides the data for an annual injury monitoring report. The file began in 1994 and holds detaile d documentation of all occupational injuries occurring at San Martino Hospital. Documented details include the time, location and accurate descriptions of an accident, and the profession, department, ward or operating unit of the injured employee involved. The type of device responsible for sharps injuries and the use of any safety measures during the incident are also documented. In this study, occupational injury data collected between 2003 and 2007 were obtained from the incident reporting file and analysed retrospectively. Data of interest included all occupational incidents and all percutaneous injuries caused by catheter needles and sharps. In particular, needlestick injuries caused by catheters were investigated. For all needlestick injuries from catheters, the occupation of the affected staff member was examined. The total number of catheters used each year was the denominator. All hospital employees were included in the study. The human resources department supplied data on the number and march 24 :: vol 24 no 29 :: 2010 43 art science research type of staff in the hospital. Formal ethical approval was not required because the population used was recruited from the database of the occupational injuries register of the human resources department. The data used were taken from official declarations and total anonymity was guaranteed. conventional device is more than 25 times higher than the risk associated with the use of the safety device. Discussion The implementation of a sharps awareness campaign and the introduction of needlestick prevention devices at San Martino Hospital resulted in a significant reported decrease in needlestick injuries. Conventional catheters appear to carry a significantly higher risk of injuries than safety catheters (Table 1). This suggests that the needlestick p revention devices contributed to the prevention of percutaneous incidents. A potential problem of this type of surveillance results from factors that could influence healthcare staff to report injuries, especially those with a low risk of infection. In this study, reporting rates are unknown and these could have influenced the findings. Injury reporting was encouraged during training, so an increasing rate of underreporting appears unlikely. Similar results have been observed with other safety needle devices (Asai et al 2002, Trim 2004, Adams and Elliott 2006, Tuma and Sepkowitz 2006). These results are consistent with estimates in which the use of engineered safety devices accounts for definite prevention in 21% and probable prevention in 61% of needlestick injuries (Elder and Paterson 2006). However, the results of the current study are limited by the short observation period and initial findings need to be confirmed by a follow-up study. Three and two incidents occurred with catheters in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Only one of these incidents occurred with a safety catheter. The catheter’s safety mechanism was not activated because of an unexpected movement by the patient before insertion of the cannula. Risk for the healthcare worker was estimated at almost zero, as the needle had not come into contact with the patient’s blood. In the other four incidents, conventional devices were used that did not have a safety Results The overall number of employees at San Martino Hospital fluctuated annually between 4,447 and 4,636 individuals from 2003 to 2007. The number of occupational accidents documented decreased from 537 to 405 in the same period. During the study, the number of injuries with needles and sharps entailing biological risk reported annually reduced from 163 to 86. These accounted for approximately one quarter to one third of all occupational incidents. After launching the sharps awareness campaign in 2003, the number of injuries caused by catheters increased initially (n=10 in 2003 and n=19 in 2004), possibly because the sharps awareness campaign aimed to reduce underreporting. From 2005 to 2007 the total number of reported injuries decreased (n=10 in 2005, n=3 in 2006, and n=2 in 2007). During the study period, nurses were affected more often by needlestick injuries than physicians. The overall annual number of needlestick prevention devices used by the hospital after their introduction in 2005 (n=130,000) increased to 165,000 in 2006 and decreased to 163,000 in 2007 (Tables 1 and 2). The average number of annual injuries per 100,000 phlebotomies performed were calculated (estimated by needles used per year). The relative risks were calculated as the ratio of the injury rates for the conventional catheters and for the safety catheters. The results highlight a lower rate of annual needlestick injuries until the start of the sharps awareness campaign and an escalation of reported incidents after its launch. This phenomenon might have resulted from underreporting, confirmed by the low incident rate of reported needlestick injuries before the onset of the campaign. Underreporting of needlestick injuries is a common and serious problem. It is even observed after needlestick injuries with high-risk patients and occurs with all types of healthcare worker (Wilburn 2004, Hoban 2005, Makary et al 2007). True injury rates may be ten times higher than those reported (Elder and Paterson 2006). The increase in incidents in 2003 suggests that educational measures and training might have sensitised healthcare staff to the seriousness of the problem and increased their readiness to report needlestick injuries for their own safety. Only timely reported needlestick injuries allow for immediate preventive measures and effective post-exposure treatment (Lee et al 2005). Even after 2003, it may still be possible that not all needlestick injuries were reported. Although all new employees received training after 2005, accounting for approximately 25% of the hospital’s healthcare staff until 2007, before then only 18% of employees of long standing participated in safety education measures. Thus, the majority of employees lack theoretical education in sharps safety and may be more prone NURSING STANDARD to misjudge the risk of needlestick injuries and consequently fail to report incidents. It might also be possible that some long-term staff increased their risk awareness after observing colleagues. It is to be expected that the awareness of possible injury outcome and reporting will improve further as the sharps safety awareness campaign continues as a result of cumulative training of hospital staff (Makary et al 2007). Despite introducing continuous on-the-job training with all employees, a certain degree of underreporting is still likely to occur because, contrary to better knowledge, some employees will avoid the time-consuming effort associated with administrative and medical procedures involved in needlestick injury reporting (Lee et al 2005, Makary et al 2007).

Native Title Law In Australia

Native Title Law In Australia On June 3rd 1992, the Australian High Court trailed a man that would change property law in Australia, as we knew it. The case of Eddie Mabo vs. The State of Queensland was the first successful case to bring about recognition of the concept of native title in Australia. Native title is the name given to the traditional land system of indigenous Australians, which was developed over thousands of years. In 1992, with Mabo, the Australian High Court finally recognized that Australia was not simply an empty piece of land when Captain Cook sailed up the coast in 1770 and claimed the eastern part of a continent which had already been occupied by our indigenous people for at least 40,000 years as a piece of British real estate.Unlike 'land rights', which are created by governments, 'native title' is a right that existed before the coming of the Europeans to Australia.As you can imagine the concept of native title have had important consequences for property law in Australia. The precedent c ase judgement overthrew the legal fiction of 'terra nullius' stating that the land of Australia had belonged to no one when the British arrived in 1778. The judgement found that a native title to land existed in 1778 and may continue to exist provided it has not been extinguished by later government acts and provided Indigenous groups continue to observe their traditional laws and customs.In the Native Title Act 1998 it was decided that a claim of native title could be made over land in Australia, provided the following two elements are satisfied:(a) ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ That those indigenous people (Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders) claiming the land or waters can prove a continuing association with the land claimed (physical, cultural or spiritual).(b) ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ That th ere has been no act...

Affixation In English And Vietnamese English Language Essay

Affixation In English And Vietnamese English Language Essay A purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols is defined as language (Sapir, Language, P.7). Therefore, every language itself provides attentive learners with a wide knowledge of the primary function, social nature as well as the important characteristic which is the system of symbols consisting of different levels from sound systems to meaning, such as phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Only the unity of these four systems can form what is so-called language. Correspondingly, with a purpose of researching on this field that is to bring you, Vietnamese learners of English, an in- depth look at how minimal meaningful English morphemes can be used again and again as building blocks to form different words and some relevance to the constitution of Vietnamese words, I hope this can be a useful material for you to approach English reading comprehension and bilingual translation work fr om a more efficient and interesting angle. Literary review According to Eugene A Nida, â€Å"morphemes are the minimal meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words† (Nida, 1946:1) and are defined as units of semantic content or grammatical function. Morphemes are of two kinds: free morphemes, ones that can be uttered alone with meaning and bound morphemes, ones that cannot be uttered alone with meaning. Based on this definition, affixes are defined as bound morphemes because they occur before or behind roots or cores of all words and somewhat modify the basic meaning of the roots. e.g. Verb + – able Æ’Â   Adj: enjoy + – able Verb + – er Æ’Â   Noun: wait + – er, act + – or un + Adj Æ’Â   Adj: un + – productive, un + – easy Adj + – en Æ’Â   Verb: deep + – en, thick + – en Besides, like bound morphemes, affixes may also be derivational or inflectional, which means that affixes can create new words by deriving new words from other words or making minor grammatical changes necessary for agreement with other words without changing meanings or parts of words. From that point, affixation is assumed as the linguistic process speakers use to form new words by adding bound morphemes at the beginning, the middle or the end of words. Correlatively, affixes are divided into prefixes, suffixes, infixes, suprafixes or suprasegmental and so on. Some categories of affixes: Prefix un-do prefix -stem Appears at the front of a stem Suffix look-ing stem-suffix Appears at the back of a stem Infix Minneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹flippin’à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºsota st-infix-em Appears within a stem – common in Borneo-Philippines languages Circumfix a-scatter-ed circumfix-stem-circumfix One portion appears at the front of a stem, and the other at the rear Interfix speed-o-meter stema-interfix-stemb Links two stems together in a compound Duplifix teeny-weeny stem-duplifix Incorporates a reduplicated portion of a stem (may occur in front, at the rear, or within the stem) Transfix Maltese: k-i-t-e-b = â€Å"he wrote† (compare root ktb = â€Å"write†) s-transfix-te-transfixà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºm A discontinuous affix that interleaves within a discontinuous stem Simulfix mouse à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ mice Changes a segment of a stem Suprafix produce (noun) produce (verb) Changes a suprasegmental phoneme of a stem Disfix Alabama: tipli = â€Å"break up†

The Recruitment and Selection of Sales Staff Essay

The Recruitment and Selection of Sales Staff - Essay Example It aims at ensuring that an organization recruits the most competent work force that will help it to meet its goals and objectives. Therefore recruitment can be a source of success or failure for the organization. The cost of selection and recruitment can weigh heavily on the organization based on the way the whole process will be carried out. In order to have a competent workforce, many organizations have taken a systematic approach to the recruitment and selection of staff. They have put in place a mechanism that ensures that they attract and select the best workforce in the market. This has been achieved by ensuring that the process is based on selection on merit. The human resource department has been given the overall duty of ensuring that it comes up with the best selection plan that will ensure that the organization meets its objective in recruitment process. The human resource department must ensure that it upholds the policy of equal employment opportunity for all which is reflected theory the recruitment framework. (Gareth 2005, p. 21) Kids 'R' US is a super store that has specialized in selling of children's clothes and other equipments like toys. The store is owned byte the ABZee Group. The groups has decided to venture in the market in order to take advantage of the parent pound market which has been one of the growing market in the recent past. In order to achieve its objective, the company wants to o... Recruitment method The company will use external recruitment as compared to internal recruitment In this case it will be recruiting those from the local areas. Due to the size of the company, it may not be able to get enough staffs if it conducts internal recruitment. In order to get enough staff and bring more variety to the new store, the company will be recruiting different people but from the local area who understand the demands of the local people. The company will use physical interview in combination with e-recruitment in order to get the most qualified candidates for the job. (CIPD Factsheet, 2007) Kid 'R' US as an equal opportunity employer The company is an equal opportunity employer in the market and therefore the recruitment process will be targeting all the people the market based on their qualifications. In the recruitment process the company will continue to uphold it's the policy of being an equal opportunity employer. It will continue to recruit, hire, train and promote in all its job levels the most qualified and competent person without any discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, nationality or the sexual orientation of the person. In this case the company will not base its employment on issues of gender favors or discriminate the applicant based on their disabilities. Therefore all the applicants should be treated as equal and the selection procedure will be based on the qualification of the candidate. The company will also continue to administer other personal mater as regards issues of compensation, benefits, transfers, layoffs, training and development, education and other social recreation programs that the company wishes to uphold. (Torrington and Taylor2005, p. 28) Recruitment